In the year 2000, the United States drug-control budget reached 18.4 billion dollars, nearly half of which was spent financing law enforcement while only one sixth was spent on treatment. In the year 2003, 53 percent of the requested drug control budget was for enforcement, 29 percent for treatment, and 18 percent for prevention.

Marked seasonal and regional variations within temperate limits characterize the climate. In the north, an oceanic climate prevails: cool summers and rainy winters (average rainfall 125 –150 cm/50 –60 in annually), with occasional snowfall. Central Portugal has hot summers and cool, rainy winters, with 50 –75 cm (20 –30 in) average annual rainfall. The southern climate is very dry, with rainfall not exceeding 50 cm (20 in) along the coast. In Lisbon, the average temperature is about 24 °c (75 °f) in July and 4 °c (39 °f) in January.

The annual mean temperature in Portugal is 16 °c (61 °f). Three types of vegetation can be distinguished in Portugal: the green forests of eucalyptus, pine, and chestnut in the north; the open dry grasslands, interrupted by stands of cork and other types of evergreen oak, in the central areas; and the dry, almost steppelike grasslands and evergreen brush in the south. Few wild animals remain in Portugal. The coastal waters abound with fish, sardines and tuna being among the most common species. As of 2002, there were at least 63 species of mammals, 235 species of birds, and over 5,000 species of plants throughout the country. Air and are significant environmental problems especially in Portugal's urban centers. Industrial pollutants include, sulfur dioxides, and carbon emissions.

In 1996, industrial emissions totaled 47.9 million metric tons. In 2000, the total of emissions was at 59.8 million metric tons. The UN estimated that 53% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of 0.93%. The capital city, Lisbon (Lisboa), had a population of 1,962,000 in that year. Porto, the next largest city, had a metropolitan population of 1,551,950. These two metropolitan areas account for most of the urban dwellers in the country.

Portuguese emigration, which decreased from an annual average of 48,000 persons during the decade 1904 –13 to 37,562 in 1961, increased sharply after 1963 as a result of acute labor shortages in other European countries, especially in and the Federal Republic of (FRG). By 1970, it was estimated that more than 100,000 Portuguese were emigrating yearly. Legal emigration to the FRG continued to increase until November 1973, when the FRG suspended non-EC immigration. Overall, more than 130,000 Portuguese emigrated in 1973. Because of the loss of Portugal's African colonies in 1975, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese settlers returned to Portugal.

Since then at least 25,000 generally return from abroad each year, mostly from other European countries or America. As of 1989, some 4,000,000 Portuguese were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany,,,,, and the. In 2003, remittances home came to $2.8 billion.

In 2001, Portugal introduced major innovations to its immigration law, together with multiple and flexible visa arrangements, duties were clarified and the legalization process streamlined. Children born to immigrants living in the country legally for at least six years would automatically be granted citizenship. In 2003, Ukrainians displaced Brazilians as the dominant nationality. There were 466,000 legal migrants at the end of 2004, including 52,037 Africans. In 2004, there were a total of 377 refugees and no asylum applications were filed. In 1999 the net migration rate was -1.51 migrants per 1,000 population; by 2005 it was an estimated 3.49 per 1,000 population. The Portuguese people represent a mixture of various ethnic strains.

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In the north are traces of Celtic influence; in the south, Arab and Berber influence is considerable. Other groups —Lusitanians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, and —also left their mark on the Portuguese people. The present-day Portuguese population is one of the most homogeneous in Europe.

Minority groups are primarily made up of immigrants, both legal and illegal, from Brazil, African colonies,. Legal immigrants account for about 5% of the total population. There are about 50,000 Roma in the country.